Grammar in the English 11

mise, Remind. Unit 7 – English Grammar 11 Câu điều kiện loại 1 (Conditional type 1) If clause Main clause Subject + verb1(s/es) Subject + will + verb (not to) Câu điều kiện loại 1 dùng để nói về những việc hoàn toàn có thể xẩy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai Ex: if I see Peter, I will tell him to call you. (nếu tôi gặp Peter tôi sẽ bảo anh ấy gọi cho anh) Câu điều kiện loại 2 (Conditional type 2) If clause Main clause Subject + Verb2(ed) Subject + would + Verb (not to) Câu điều kiện loại 2 dùng để đưa ra những giả định trong hiện tại, những giả định này không thể xẩy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Nói cách khác, câu điều kiện loại 2 mô tả sự việc không thể xẩy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Ex: If I were you, I woul not do that thing. (nếu tôi là bạn thì tôi sẽ không làm điều đó) Câu điều kiện loại 3 (Conditional type 3) If clause Main clause Subject + had + verb3 Subject + would + have + verb3 Câu điều kiện loại 3 dùng để đưa ra những giả định trong quá khứ. Thực tế trong quá khứ, sự việc đã xẩy ra trái ngược với giả định này. Điều kiện không thể xẩy ra trong quá khứ. Ex: If I had knownyou were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you. (nếu tôi mà biết bạn nằm viện tôi sẽ đi thăm bạn) Câu điều kiện ở dạng gián tiếp (conditional in reported speech) Trong câu điều kiện loại 1, khi ta chuyển từ câu nói trực tiếp sang câu nói gián tiếp, ta phải chuyển động từ trong mệnh đề if sang dạng quá khứ, còn will sẽ chuyển sang would. Trong câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3. Khi ta chuyển từ câu nói trực tiếp sang câu nói gián tiếp, ta vẫn giữ nguyên động từ ở mệnh đề if và mệnh đề chính. Ex: + “I will come to see you if I have time,” she said to me. à She told me that she would come to see me if she had time. + “If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that coat,” she said. à She said that if she were me she wouldn’t buy that coat. + “What would you say id someone stepped on your feet?” he asked her. à He asked her what she would say if someone stepped on her feet. + “If it doesn’t rain, we will go out with you,” they said to me. à They told me that if it didn’t rain, they would go out with me. + “What would you do if you were a billionaire?” the man asked the woman. à The man asked the woman what she would do if she were a billionaire. + “If you had asked me, I would have lent you my motorbike,” the man said to me. à The man told me that if I had asked him, he would have lent me his motorbike. + “They would be very disappointed if you did not come,” the man said to his daughter. à The man told his daughter that they would be very disappointed if she did not come. + “I’m sure they will understand if you explain the situation to them the boy said to the girl. à The boy told the girl that he was sure they would understand if she explained the situation to them. Unit 8 – English Grammar 11 Đại từ one /ones (pronouns one / ones) Chúng ta có thể sử dụng đại từ One thay vì phải lặp lại một danh từ đếm được ở dạng số ít khi danh từ đó đã được nhắc đến trước đó. “Can I get you a drink?” “It’s okay, I’ve already got one.” (one = one drink) – tôi lấy cho anh một loại đồ uống nhé. Không cần đâu, tôi đã có rồi. “Is this your umbrella?” “No, mine is the big blue one.” (one = one umbrella) – đây có phải là dù của anh không? Không, cái của tôi là cái to màu xanh. Đại từ ones được dùng thay cho một danh từ đếm được ở dạng số nhiều. People who smoke aren’t the only ones (=people) affected by the smoke – những người hút thuốc không phải là những người duy nhất bị ảnh hưởng bởi khói thuốc. Với danh từ không đếm được ta không dùng cả hai đại từ này: one and ones Someone, anyone, no one, everyone. Những đại từ này đi với động từ thì động từ phải chia ở dạng số ít. Trong một câu, để tránh lặp lại, ta sử dụng they, them, their để thay thế cho những đại từ này. Someone / somebody: một người nào đó, một ai đó. Someone is here to see. Ai đó đến để gặp cậu kìa Anyone anybody: bất kỳ ai If anybody wants to leave early, they can. Nếu bất kỳ ai muốn về sớm thì họ đều có thể No one . nobody: không có ai, không ai cả The teacher raised a question but nobody answered. Giáo viên đặt một câu hỏi nhưng không ai trả lời Everyone / everybody: mọi người, tất cả mọi người. Everyone knows who stole it, but they’re all afraid to tell anyone. Ai cũng biết kẻ đã lấy trộm, nhưng họ đều sợ phải nói ra. Các tính từ đi sau các đại từ này luôn đứng sau chúng. Did you meet anyone interesting at that party? Exercises: ______No one_______ likes snakes, do they? I don’t think ___anyone___ likes the film. It’s so boring. __someone__ phoned while you were out, but they didn’t leave a message. Does ___anyone___ mind if I eat first? There’s ___someone___ at the door. Can you go and see who it is? He didn’t come to class for three days, and ___no one___ knows where he is. Can we start now? Has __everyone___ arrived? Everyone said they would attend the party, but ___no one___ turned up. Unit 9 – English Grammar 11 A. Defining relative clauses F A defining relative clause (also called identifying [nhận biết] relative clauses or restrictive [giới hạn] relative clauses) gives essential information about the noun or noun phrase it modifies, without which the sentence wouldn’t make sense as the listener or reader would not be able to identify the noun in the sentence. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas. Ä Defining relative clauses usually follow the + noun: + The book that you gave me on my birthday is very interesting. (“That you gave me on my birthday” tells the listener which book I am talking about, it defines the book) Ä Defining relative clauses can also be used with a/an + noun, plural nouns without the, and the pronouns all, none, anybody, something ect, and those. + Have you ever met someone who can speak five languages? Ä Sometimes these clauses are separated from their noun/pronoun by a word or phrase. + There’s something in the bridge which you may want to eat. Ä We often find defining relative clauses in definitions. + Bricklayer is someone who builds houses. Ä Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. + The lady (who/whom) we met yesterday is a very good doctor. Ä It + be + noun/pronoun + defining relative clause. + It was Mr. Jones who (that) designed this program. + It is the learner that is responsible for his learning. + It is the quality of the products that matters. B. Non-Defining relative clauses F A non-defining relative clause (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses) gives extra information about a noun or noun phrase and has commas at both ends. + My father, who is a clerk, is going to retire next month. (“Who is a clerk” is not essential, which means that I only have one father and he does not need to be defined by the relative clause.) Ä “Who” and “whose” are used for people. “Which” and “whose” are used for things. + Trang Thanh, whose uncle is a pilot, has just won the second prize in the English contest. + My dictionary, whose cover is blue, is not very good. Ä “That” cannot be used in a non-defining relative clause. Ä “Which” is also used to refer to the whole situation talked about in the sentence outside the relative clause: + The class meeting won’t be held until next Sunday, which is really disappointing. Note: F In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that. F Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used. + Linh Giang,who/whom we met yesterday, is my neighbor. C. Relative clauses replaced by participles and to infintives F Relative clauses with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand. I’ve just bought a book which introduces the world heritages in Vietnam. à I’ve just bought a book introducing the world heritages in Vietnam. The girl who fell off her bike yesterday couldn’t come to class today. à The girl falling off her bike yesterday couldn’t come to class today. The library has received hundreds of books which were donated by a charity organization. à The library has received hundreds of books donated by a charity organization The students who are being chosen to take part in the competition must be very excited à The students being chosen to take part in the competition must be very excited. F Infinitives can also be used to shorten relative clauses: - After the first/second ect. And after the last/only and sometimes after superlatives. The first student who hands/handed in the test paper à The student to hand/handed in the test paper The only one who answer/answered the question à The only one to answer/answered the question - When there is an idea of purpose or permission. There are some attrations that we can/may visit in Quang Nam à There are some attrations to visit in Quang Nam. We need a larger room where (in which) we can hold a meeting. à We need a larger room to hold a meeting. D. Omission of relative pronouns/adverbs: F Omission of the relative pronouns: - The relative pronouns which, that , who and whom can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. The man whom I met was a worker (object) à The man I met was a worker. The drumbeat that we heard was a signal (object) à The drumbeat we heard was a signal. The person about whom we were talking suddenly appeared in the room. à The person we were talking about suddenly appeared in the room. (about comes after the prepositional verb and the relative pronoun is lost) - When the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause, it cannot be omitted. The boy who played the drums was from Phan Chu Trinh High School. (Subject) F Omission of relative adverbs - Sometimes the relative adverbs may be omitted from a relative clause. The place where I was born à The place I was born in or The place I was born